Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context

Correspondence: Michael Liebrenz, michael.liebrenz@unibe.ch.

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1. Verfasser: Torales Benítez, Julio César (author)
Weitere Verfasser: Goncalves Possuelo, Lia (author), Barrios Coronel, Juan Iván (author), Estigarribia Sanabria, Gladys Mercedes (author), Velásquez Llano, María Gisselle (author), O’Higgins Roche, Marcelo Gerardo (author), Castaldelli Maia, João Mauricio (author), Ventriglio, Antonio (author), Smith, Alexander (author), Buadze, Ana (author), Liebrenz, Michael (author)
Format: article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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Online-Zugang:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/4777
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author Torales Benítez, Julio César
author2 Goncalves Possuelo, Lia
Barrios Coronel, Juan Iván
Estigarribia Sanabria, Gladys Mercedes
Velásquez Llano, María Gisselle
O’Higgins Roche, Marcelo Gerardo
Castaldelli Maia, João Mauricio
Ventriglio, Antonio
Smith, Alexander
Buadze, Ana
Liebrenz, Michael
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author_browse Barrios Coronel, Juan Iván
Buadze, Ana
Castaldelli Maia, João Mauricio
Estigarribia Sanabria, Gladys Mercedes
Goncalves Possuelo, Lia
Liebrenz, Michael
O’Higgins Roche, Marcelo Gerardo
Smith, Alexander
Torales Benítez, Julio César
Velásquez Llano, María Gisselle
Ventriglio, Antonio
author_facet Torales Benítez, Julio César
Goncalves Possuelo, Lia
Barrios Coronel, Juan Iván
Estigarribia Sanabria, Gladys Mercedes
Velásquez Llano, María Gisselle
O’Higgins Roche, Marcelo Gerardo
Castaldelli Maia, João Mauricio
Ventriglio, Antonio
Smith, Alexander
Buadze, Ana
Liebrenz, Michael
author_role author
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dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Torales Benítez, Julio César
Goncalves Possuelo, Lia
Barrios Coronel, Juan Iván
Estigarribia Sanabria, Gladys Mercedes
Velásquez Llano, María Gisselle
O’Higgins Roche, Marcelo Gerardo
Castaldelli Maia, João Mauricio
Ventriglio, Antonio
Smith, Alexander
Buadze, Ana
Liebrenz, Michael
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2026-05-08T17:18:38Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2026-05-08T17:18:38Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2026-04-15
dc.format.extent.es.fl_str_mv 20 páginas
dc.identifier.citation.en.fl_str_mv Torales, J., Goncalves Possuelo, L., Barrios, I., Estigarribia, G., Velázquez, G., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Ventriglio, A., Smith, A., Buadze, A., & Liebrenz, M. (2026). Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay: prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17, 1752901. 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901
dc.identifier.doi.es.fl_str_mv 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901
dc.identifier.essn.es.fl_str_mv 1664-0640
dc.identifier.other.es.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/4777
dc.language.iso.es.fl_str_mv eng
dc.publisher.es.fl_str_mv Frontiers Media S.A.
dc.relation.institBenef.es.fl_str_mv Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas
dc.relation.projectCONACYT.es.fl_str_mv PINV01-899
dc.rights.*.fl_str_mv Atribución/Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.accessRights.es.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.uri.*.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subject.classification.es.fl_str_mv 11. Sistemas políticos y sociales, estructuras y procesos
11.9. Protección de diversas categorías de población (inmigrantes, delincuentes, marginados, etc.) atendiendo a sus categorías sociales (jóvenes, adultos, jubilados, discapacitados, etc.) y económicas (consumidores, agricultores, pescadores, mineros, desempleados, etc.)
dc.subject.ocde.es.fl_str_mv 3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud
3.5. Otras ciencias médicas
dc.subject.other.es.fl_str_mv ADHD symptoms
Emotional dysregulation
Incarceration
Paraguay
Suicidality
dc.title.es.fl_str_mv Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
dc.type.es.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
description Correspondence: Michael Liebrenz, michael.liebrenz@unibe.ch.
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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identifier_str_mv Torales, J., Goncalves Possuelo, L., Barrios, I., Estigarribia, G., Velázquez, G., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Ventriglio, A., Smith, A., Buadze, A., & Liebrenz, M. (2026). Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay: prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17, 1752901. 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901
10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901
1664-0640
language eng
network_acronym_str CONACYT
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional CONACYT
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.conacyt.gov.py:20.500.14066/4777
publishDate 2026
publishDateSort 2026
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repositorio.institucional@conacyt.gov.py
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Institucional CONACYT
repository_id_str
rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución/Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
spelling 11186000000-0003-3277-70363a68716a-6969-4ff7-bfe0-e2020d1ddcd760012586000000-0002-6843-7685397600065871a6-f3e2-4626-8f3f-3e9747a5c6c86007e9694a4-b956-46a8-97b2-02ea39ce10746009217a461-46b8-4ec8-8367-16f4c124e367600209ea3c7-bbfd-4345-ba4e-90316b3ff5306000b1d9190-45ec-470d-b619-3f6ba20f7ea4600e63da358-1cee-45ba-a695-49b6c7f51729600d5056fe6-92e1-4f4d-a7fc-46b4055ceaef6002026-05-08T17:18:38Z2026-05-08T17:18:38Z2026-04-15Torales, J., Goncalves Possuelo, L., Barrios, I., Estigarribia, G., Velázquez, G., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Ventriglio, A., Smith, A., Buadze, A., & Liebrenz, M. (2026). Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay: prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 17, 1752901. 10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/477710.3389/fpsyt.2026.17529011664-0640Correspondence: Michael Liebrenz, michael.liebrenz@unibe.ch.El documento forma parte de la sección especializada Forensic Psychiatry.Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms are frequently reported among incarcerated populations and have been associated with impulsivity, emotional dysregulation, and adverse mental health outcomes. Despite growing international evidence, no previous studies have examined screening-positive ADHD symptoms among prisoners in Paraguay or evaluated Spanish-language screening tools in correctional settings. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of screening-positive ADHD symptoms among incarcerated men and women in Paraguay, examine selected psychological and criminological variables, and assess the reliability and factorial structure of the Spanish version of the Symptom Check List–ADHD (SCL-ADHD). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 836 inmates (621 men, 215 women) recruited through probabilistic sampling in three Paraguayan prisons. Screening-positive ADHD status was defined as a score ≥ 12 on the nine-item SCL-ADHD derived from the SCL-90-R. Psychiatric symptoms, suicide risk, and substance-related problems were assessed using validated measures. Multivariable logistic regression identified independent correlates of screening-positive ADHD status. Results: Screening-positive ADHD status was observed in 33.4% of participants, with higher prevalence among women than men (39.1% vs. 31.4%; OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.02–1.93, p = 0.04). Screening-positive ADHD was independently associated with suicide risk (OR = 3.85, p < 0.001) and elevated SCL-90-R dimensions of hostility, anxiety, depression, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Sensitivity analyses using continuous symptom scores showed associations with hostility, anxiety, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms remained, whereas association with depression attenuated. No significant independent associations were observed with criminological variables. The Spanish SCL-ADHD demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.76) and a coherent symptom structure. Conclusion: Screening-positive ADHD symptoms were common among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay, particularly women, and were associated with concurrent emotional dysregulation and suicidality. These findings reflect screening-based symptom burden rather than confirmed adult ADHD diagnoses and highlight the potential utility of systematic ADHD screening within correctional mental health services.Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaPrograma Paraguayo para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y Tecnología. Proyectos de investigación y desarrollo20 páginasengFrontiers Media S.A.Atribución/Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess© 2026 Torales, Possuelo, Barrios, Estigarribia, Velázquez, O’Higgins, Castaldelli-Maia, Ventriglio, Smith, Buadze and Liebrenz. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).11. Sistemas políticos y sociales, estructuras y procesos11.9. Protección de diversas categorías de población (inmigrantes, delincuentes, marginados, etc.) atendiendo a sus categorías sociales (jóvenes, adultos, jubilados, discapacitados, etc.) y económicas (consumidores, agricultores, pescadores, mineros, desempleados, etc.)ADHD symptomsEmotional dysregulationIncarcerationParaguaySuicidality3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud3.5. Otras ciencias médicasScreening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological contextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionFrontiers in PsychiatryPINV01-899Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas17Torales Benítez, Julio CésarGoncalves Possuelo, LiaBarrios Coronel, Juan IvánEstigarribia Sanabria, Gladys MercedesVelásquez Llano, María GisselleO’Higgins Roche, Marcelo GerardoCastaldelli Maia, João MauricioVentriglio, AntonioSmith, AlexanderBuadze, AnaLiebrenz, MichaelTHUMBNAILScreening-positive attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay.jpgScreening-positive attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay.jpgArtículo científicoimage/jpeg479777http://repositorio.conacyt.gov.py/bitstream/20.500.14066/4777/5/Screening-positive%20attention-deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder%20symptoms%20among%20incarcerated%20individuals%20in%20Paraguay.jpg771f5694ca29773fe20db34dee4bea11MD55ORIGINALScreening-positive attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay.pdfScreening-positive attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay.pdfArtículo científicoapplication/pdf949221http://repositorio.conacyt.gov.py/bitstream/20.500.14066/4777/1/Screening-positive%20attention-deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder%20symptoms%20among%20incarcerated%20individuals%20in%20Paraguay.pdfa205b20c1f7b803796052e0b05dd37eaMD51Table 1.docxTable 1.docxMaterial complementarioapplication/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document21821http://repositorio.conacyt.gov.py/bitstream/20.500.14066/4777/4/Table%201.docx5eebba144747d43dec5e83732dfc33fbMD54CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8908http://repositorio.conacyt.gov.py/bitstream/20.500.14066/4777/2/license_rdf0175ea4a2d4caec4bbcc37e300941108MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81698http://repositorio.conacyt.gov.py/bitstream/20.500.14066/4777/3/license.txt858b22fda432bd774e469302988c1974MD5320.500.14066/4777oai:repositorio.conacyt.gov.py:20.500.14066/47772026-05-08 17:49:18.429Repositorio Institucional CONACYTrepositorio.institucional@conacyt.gov.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
spellingShingle Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
Torales Benítez, Julio César
11. Sistemas políticos y sociales, estructuras y procesos
11.9. Protección de diversas categorías de población (inmigrantes, delincuentes, marginados, etc.) atendiendo a sus categorías sociales (jóvenes, adultos, jubilados, discapacitados, etc.) y económicas (consumidores, agricultores, pescadores, mineros, desempleados, etc.)
ADHD symptoms
Emotional dysregulation
Incarceration
Paraguay
Suicidality
3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud
3.5. Otras ciencias médicas
status_str publishedVersion
title Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
title_full Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
title_fullStr Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
title_full_unstemmed Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
title_short Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
title_sort Screening-positive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms among incarcerated individuals in Paraguay : prevalence, psychological correlates, and criminological context
topic 11. Sistemas políticos y sociales, estructuras y procesos
11.9. Protección de diversas categorías de población (inmigrantes, delincuentes, marginados, etc.) atendiendo a sus categorías sociales (jóvenes, adultos, jubilados, discapacitados, etc.) y económicas (consumidores, agricultores, pescadores, mineros, desempleados, etc.)
ADHD symptoms
Emotional dysregulation
Incarceration
Paraguay
Suicidality
3. Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud
3.5. Otras ciencias médicas
url https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752901
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14066/4777